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Biblioteka trećeg milenijuma
The library of the third millenium
Stišović Milovanović, Ana
Rezime: Književnost je na kraju drugog i početkom trećeg milenijuma bila pred izazovom rešavanja mnogih pitanja. Kao da je dihotomija moderne i postmoderne poetike dovela do izvesnih stranputica. Postmoderna književnost se bavila pitanjem odnosa autora i teksta, ali na logici unutrašnjih suprotnosti. Odnos realanosti i teksta je pretvoren u konstrukciju sveta, a tekst je neretko samo modifikovani arhitekst. Konstruisanje priče postaje važnije od same priče. Autorske intencije vode ka radikalnom diskontinuitetu sa ranije poznatim načinima i modelima pripovedanja. Postmodernistički kôd svodi na minimum mogućnosti distinkcije strukturnih elemenata dela. Vitgenštajn je stoga govorio i o nemogućnosti unapređenja teorijske misli o književnosti, a Umberto Eko pokušava da reintegriše osobine koje su u ukupnoj literarnoj istoriji determinisale kôd kao osnovnu jedinicu značenja, koja nosi sistem pravila, „bez obzira da li su ona suštinska, opštevažeća, konstutitivna ili istorijska, prolazna ili površinska“. Italo Kalvino jeste pisac postmoderne, ali u njegovom delu postoji osobenost, koja ga čini istinskim čuvarem kôda. To se najpre ogleda u građenju dela kao sistema, koji može biti nezavistan od realnosti, ali ne odstupa od čvrstih, gotovo geometrijskih formi, simetrije, kombinatorike, proporcije. Stoga je logično da se u esejističkom radu Itala Kalvina, pisca „inovativne imaginacije“, nalazi korpus tekstova o autorima koji su zauokupljeni problemom jezika, teme i forme u literaturi. Kalvino piše o Floberu, Rejmonu Kenou, Robertu Muzilu, Marselu Prustu, Toamasu Manu, Borhesu. Ovaj izbor pisaca je paradigmatičan, jer ih Kalvino prepoznaje kao autore enciklopedijskog tipa. Enciklopedijska otvorenost dela je, za Kalvina, zapravo mnoštvo kodova i nivoa, koji se prevode iz jednog vremena u drugo, iz jedne poetike u narednu. Izabrani autori su čuvari legata literarne istorije i celokupnog diskursa pisane reči, ali su i uporišta za sve buduće autore. Kalvino smatra da su upravo ovi pisci temelj „biblioteke trećeg milenijuma“, jer spajaju imaginativno i intelektualno. Za Itala Kalvina, „u beskrajnom univerzumu literature, uvek se otvaraju putevi istraživanja, bez obzira da li su stari ili novi“, jer je literatura „traganje za samosvešču“. U tom traganju, najvažnija su pitanja jezika, teme i forme. U jezičkom kodu, Kalvino se vraća jednostavnosti mita i bajke, kako bi se izbegla jezička proizvoljnost i gubitak ekspresivnosti jezika. To je radio i Borhes, insistirajući na važnosti jezika i mitu kao temeljnom fenomenu ukupnog književnog stvaranja. U očuvanju kôda, smatra Kalvino, literatura se mora boriti autentičnošću, prepoznatljivošću individualnog i kolektivnog nasleđa, umnožavanjem unutrašnjih saglasja. To su načini na koje se mogu prevazići anonimne i apstraktne slike sveta, koje je nudila literatura sa stranputica postmoderne. U svemu tome, kaže Kalvino, neophodno je sačuvati, u „biblioteci trećeg milenijuma“, bogati legat imaginativnog znanja, u kome će literatura biti delatnost intelektualnog poretka.
Abstract: Literature and literary theory at the end of the Second and the beginning of the Third millennium were challenging many issues. The dichotomy of modern and postmodern poetics has led to certain wanderings. Postmodern literature dealt with the question of the relation between the author and the text, but on the logic of inner opposites. The relationship of reality and text has been transformed into the construction of the world, and the text is often only a modified architect. The construction of a story becomes more important than the story itself. The author's intentions lead to radical discontinuity with earlier known ways and narrative models. The postmodern code minimizes the possibility of the distinction between structural elements of the work. Wittgenstein therefore spoke about the impossibility of improving theoretical thoughts on literature. It is interesting that Umberto Eco was trying to reintegrate the characteristics that determined value systems in the entire literary history and gave safe grounds for theoretical considerations of the literary text. Eco starts from the idea that the code is the basic unit of meaning, which carries the system of rules, "whether it is essential, generally valid, conclusive or historical, transient or superficial." Calvino also thinks in this discourse. Italo Calvino is a postmodern writer, but in his work there is a peculiarity, which makes it a true code keeper. This is first seen in the construction of a work as a system, which can be independent of reality, but does not deviate from solid, almost geometric forms, symmetry, combinatorics, proportions. In the essays of Italo Calvino, the author of "innovative imagination", there is a corpus of texts about authors who are interested in the problem of language, themes and forms in literature. Calvino writes about Gustave Flaubert, Raymond Queneau, Robert Musil, Marcel Proust, Thomas Mann, Jorge Luis Borges. This selection of writers is paradigmatic, since Calvino recognizes them as the authors of the encyclopedic type. The encyclopaedic openness of the work is, for Calvino, in fact a multitude of codes and levels, which are translated from one time to another, from one poetics to the next. Selected authors are the guards of the heritage of literary history and the entire discourse of written words, but are also the foothold for all future authors. Calvino believes that these writers are the foundation of the "library of the third millenium" because they combine imaginatively and intellectually. For Italo Calvino, "in the infinite universe of literature, the paths of research are always open, whether old or new," because literature is a "search for self-consciousness". In this search, the most important issues of language, theme and form. In the language code, Calvino returns simplicity to myths and fairy tales, in order to avoid linguistic arbitrariness and loss of language expressiveness. Borges also insisting on the importance of language and myth as the fundamental phenomenon of total literary creation. In preserving the code, Calvino believes that literature must fight the authenticity, the recognition of individual and collective heritage, by multiplying internal consent. These are the ways in which anonymous and abstract pictures of the world can be overcome, offered by literature from the postmodern wanderings. Calvino says it is necessary to preserve, in the "library of the third millennium", a rich legacy of imaginative knowledge, in which literature will be the activity of an intellectual order. This library is proof of the necessity of continuity in literature, which ensures the quality of literary work, but also theoretical thoughts about it.
srpski
2019
Ovo delo je licencirano pod uslovima licence
Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 - Creative Commons Autorstvo - Nekomercijalno - Bez prerada 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode
Ključne reči: otvoreni enciklopedizam, kôd, Italo Kalvino, Umberto Eko, Borhes.
Keywords: literary theory, open encyclopaedism, code, Italo Calvino, Umberto Eco.
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